Recent clinical trials provide condition-specific evidence of benefits provided by GLP-1s:

• In CKD, the FLOW trial demonstrated kidney benefit in patients with diabetes1
• In HF, the STEP-HFpEF trial showed that semaglutide improved symptoms, physical limitations, exercise function, and weight loss in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and obesity2

This evidence is already translating to real-world practice. According to our data, roughly one in three CKD and HFpEF patients receive GLP-1s, reflecting growing clinical confidence in their cardiorenal benefits, despite not yet being approved as a primary treatment for either indication. Their adoption makes strategic sense given the joined-up nature of cardiorenal-metabolic disease. Our data reveals a notable overlap between CKD and HF, with up to 1/3 of patients often presenting with both conditions. Furthermore, patients with CKD and HF can present with multiple comorbidities, with metabolic drivers - obesity/overweight, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension - dominating in both conditions.